Bovine papillomatosis is a chronic viral disease of cattle and buffaloes caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV) under Papillomaviridae family. It is characterized by the presence of warts at various anatomical locations. In India, the prevalence of this condition has significant implications for the dairy and agricultural sectors, affecting animal health, productivity, and economic viability. Cutaneous bovine papillomatosis is manifested as cutaneous wart (CW) and teat wart (TW). Twenty-eight BPV biotypes have been reported globally till date, and several new biotypes have also been reported with various clinical consequences from India in the last 2 decades. Pathologically, CWs are characterized as fibropapilloma, true papilloma and occult papilloma which deserve more attention by researchers. Diagnosis of disease includes clinical history, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), in-situ hybridization and demonstration of viral antigen in tissue by immunohistochemistry. This review is focused on the etiology, viral structure, transmission, pathogenesis, macroscopic pathology, immunology, treatment regimen and control of the disease in affected livestock.

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