Abstract

Rise in ambient temperature due to climate change influencing livestock production system and its efficiency by impacting growth, milk production and reproduction of bovines under tropical conditions. Natural environments are much more complex, with far more environmental factors varying both spatially and temporally, so it is likely that global warming and climate variability will amplify the complexity of genotype environment interaction. Projected temperature rise is likely to impact livestock productivity (milk, meat, wool, and draught power), particularly in non-adapted livestock. The temperature rise will also cause a change in composition of species, breeds (quantity, quality) and their mix at farm level due to availability of resources. Inadequate resources and infrastructure make Indian farmers and their livestock highly susceptible to extreme weather events and climate change. Livestock production system is likely to suffer greater losses due to substantial increase (160%) in stressful days by the year 2100 due to global warming. The reduced availability of livestock products will increase risk of malnutrition, hunger and imbalance in vegetarian diets. The global imperative to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has intensified the need for innovative technological interventions in animal resource management. The innovations in technology can enhance sustainability in this sector, particularly under changing climatic scenarios and One Health approach, which links human, animal, and environmental health. In this review, recent developments in precision farming, biotechnology, digital monitoring systems, and sustainable feed innovations are presented. It also examines the integration of these technologies within the broader framework of climate adaptation strategies and public health.

Reference

Aggarwal A and Upadhyay R, 2013. Heat Stress and Animal Productivity. Springer, India, doi: 10.1007/978-81-322-0879-2    

Ahmed M, Shuai C and Ahmed M, 2022. Influencing factors of carbon emissions and their trends in China and India: A machine learning method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 29(32): 48424-48437, doi: 10.1007/s11356-022-18711-3

Akram V, Rath BN and Panda B, 2023. Convergence analysis of social sector expenditure and its components: evidence from the Indian states. Appl Econ, 55(33): 3850-3862, doi: 10.1080/00036846.2022.2118962

Amejo AG, Gebere YM and Kassa H, 2018. Integrating crop and livestock in smallholder production systems for food security and poverty reduction in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr J Agric Res, 13(25): 1272-1282, doi: 10.5897/AJAR2018.13020

Amrit K, Pandey RP and Mishra SK, 2021. Meteorological drought characteristics in eastern region of India. In: Hydrological Extremes: River Hydraulics and Irrigation Water Management, pp 111-120

An Overview of SDGs, NITI Aayog. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.niti.gov.in/overview-sustainable-development-goals

Banhazi TM, Lehr H, Black JL, Crabtree H, Schofield P et al., 2012. Precision livestock farming: An international review of scientific and commercial aspects. Int J Agr Biol Eng, 5(3): 1-9, doi:  10.3965/j.ijabe.20120503.001

Basha PO and Reddy MS, 2022. Importance of standard scientific units for the measurement of quantities and properties in environmental science. Indian J Adv Chem Sci, 10: 163-166, doi: 10.22607/IJACS.2022.1004002   

Berckmans D, 2017. General introduction to precision livestock farming. Animal Front, 7(1): 6-11, doi: 10.2527/af.2017.0102

Chaturvedi RK, Gopalakrishnan R, Jayaraman M, Bala G, Joshi NV et al., 2011. Impact of climate change on Indian forests: A dynamic vegetation modeling approach. Mitig Adapt Strat GL, 16: 119-142, doi: 10.1007/s11027-010-9257-7

Cheng M, McCarl B and Fei C, 2022. Climate change and livestock production: A literature review. Atmosphere, 13(1): 140, doi: 10.3390/atmos13010140

Chou JP, Yi-Chuan L, and Chen-Chao C, 1974. Effect of heating on rabbit spermatogenesis. Chin Med J, 6: 365-367

Cionni I, Eyring V, Lamarque JF, Randel WJ, Stevenson DS et al., 2011. Ozone database in support of CMIP5 simulations: results and corresponding radiative forcing.  Atmos Chem Phys, 11: 11267-11292, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-11267-2011

Dinar A, 1998. Measuring the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture (English). World Bank technical paper; no. WTP 402 Washington D.C: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/793381468756570727/Measuring-the-impact-of-climate-change-on-Indian-agriculture (Accessed on 26 august 2024)

FAO in India, 2021. Available online: India at a Glance. http://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-aglance/en/ (Accessed on 26 august 2024)

Food Outlook, 2023. Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, June 2023, doi:  10.4060/cc3020en

Gamcik P, Mesaros P and Schvare F, 1981. The effect of season on some semen characters in Slovakian Merino rams. Zivocisna Vyroba, 24(8): 625-630

Goal 13a: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13#progress_and_info

Goal 13b: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts | NITI Aayog. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.niti.gov.in/goal-13-take-urgent-action-combat-climate-change-and-its-impacts

Goal 14a: Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal14#progress_and_info

Goal 14b: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development | NITI Aayog. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.niti.gov.in/goal-14-conserve-and-sustainably-use-oceans-seas-and-marine-resources-sustainable-development

Goal 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss | NITI Aayog. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2024, from https://www.niti.gov.in/goal-15-protect-restore-and-promote-sustainable-use-terrestrial-ecosystems-sustainably-manage

Habeeb AA, Gad AE and Atta MA, 2018. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators to heat stress of climatic conditions with relation to production and reproduction of farm animals. Int J Biotechnol Recent Adv, 1(1): 35-50, doi: 10.18689/ijbr-1000107

Hostiou N, Fagon J, Chauvat S, Turlo A, Kling-Eveillard F et al., 2017. Impact of precision livestock farming on work and human-animal interactions on dairy farms. A review. Biotechnol Agron Soc Environ, 21(4): 268-275, doi: 10.25518/1780-4507.13706  

https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1979950 (published by Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Posted On: 26 NOV 2023 4:00PM by PIB Delhi)

ICAR publication, 2009.  Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: case studies from the ICAR network project. Published by Dr T P Trivedi, Project Director (DIPA), ICAR, New Delhi, pp 1-146

IMD Annual Report, 2021. India Meteorological Department, New Delhi [Information Science and Knowledge Resource Development Division (IS&KRDD), (Formerly Publication Section)] MoES/IMD/Annual Report -2022/(01)2023/02

Jack AA, Adegbeye MJ, Reddy PRK, Elghandour MMMY, Salem AZM et al., 2021. Ruminant Productivity Among Smallholders in a Changing Climate: Adaptation Strategies. In: Lackner M, Sajjadi B, Chen WY, (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation. Springer, New York, NY, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6431-0_148-1

Khan FA, Prasad S and Gupta HP, 2013. Effect of heat stress on pregnancy rates of crossbred dairy cattle in Terai region of Uttarakhand, India. Asian Pac J Reprod, 2(4): 277-279, doi: 10.1016/S2305-0500(13)60162-1

Kleen JL and Guatteo R, 2023. Precision livestock farming: what does it contain and what are the perspectives? Animals, 13(5): 779, doi: 10.3390/ ani13050779

Kothawale DR and Rupa Kumar K, 2002. Tropospheric temperature variation over India and links with the Indian summer monsoon: 1971-2000. Mausam, 53(3): 289-308, doi: 10.54302/mausam.v53i3.1646

NOAA/NASA – Annual Global Analysis for 2023

OECD, 2023. Air and GHG Emissions (Indicator)

One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Behravesh CB, Bilivogui P et al., 2022. One Health: A new definition for a sustainable and healthy future. PLOS Pathogens, 18(6), e1010537, doi:  10.1371/journal.ppat.1010537

Panda A, 2009. Assessing vulnerability to climate change in India. Economic and Political Weekly, 44: 105-107 

Papakonstantinou GI, Voulgarakis N, Terzidou G, Fotos L, Giamouri E et al., 2024. Precision livestock farming technology: applications and challenges of animal welfare and climate change. Agriculture, 14(4): 620, doi: 10.3390/agriculture14040620

Pathak H, 2023. Impact, adaptation, and mitigation of climate change in Indian agriculture. Environ Monit Assess, 195(1): 52, doi: 10.1007/s10661-022-10537-3

Rojas-Downing MM, Nejadhashemi AP, Harrigan T and Woznicki SA, 2017. Climate change and livestock: impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Clim Risk Manag, 16: 145-163, doi: 10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001

Rupa KR, Sahai AK, Krishna KK, Patwardhan SK, Mishra PK et al., 2006.  High resolution climate change scenarios for India for the 21st century. Curr Sci, 90(3): 334-345

Saha KA, 2001. Using cluster analysis as a methodology for prototyping livestock production systems: A case study of the Haryana state, India. Paper presented at conference on International Agricultural Research for Development, Deutscher Tropentag-Bonn, 9-11th October 2001

Salunke AY, 2022. Unravelling the genotoxic potential of agrochemicals on fish cell line. Doctoral dissertation. Vadodara: Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (India)

Sannigrahi S, Pilla F, Basu B, Basu AS, Sarkar K et al., 2020. Examining the effects of forest fire on terrestrial carbon emission and ecosystem production in India using remote sensing approaches. Sci Total Environ, 725: 138331, doi:  10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138331

Singh M, Chaudhary BK, Singh JK, Singh AK and Maurya PK, 2013. Effect of thermal load on buffalo reproductive performance during summer season. J Biol Sci, 1(1): 1-8

Tiseo I, 2023a. Distribution of GHG Emissions in India 2020, by Sector, Energy and Emissions, Statista

Tiseo I, 2023b.  Per capita Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuels in India from 1970 to 2022, Energy and Emissions, Statista

Tiseo I, 2023c. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel and industrial purposes in India from 1970 to 2022, Energy and Emissions, Statista

Twenty Livestock Census (2019). 20th Livestock Census of India

UNEP, 2019. Emissions Gap Report. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme

Upadhyay RC, Ashutosh, Rani R, Singh SV, Mohanty TK et al., 2012. Impact of climate change on reproductive functions of Murrah buffaloes. J Anim Plant Sci, 22(3Suppl.): 234-236

Upadhyay RC, Singh SV and Ashutosh, 2008. Impact of climate change on livestock. Indian Dairyman, 60(3): 98-102

Werkheiser I, 2020. Technology and responsibility: A discussion of underexamined risks and concerns in precision livestock farming. Anim Front, 10(1): 51-57, doi: 10.1093/af/vfz056

WHO, 2017. What is ‘One Health’? Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/one-health2017 (Accessed 21 August, 2024)

World Bank, 2021. World Bank Open Data. Available online at: worldbank.org (Accessed 21 August, 2024)