The drive towards sustainable packaging solutions is essential to address the environmental impacts of conventional synthetic polymers. This review explores the potential of biodegradable packaging materials derived from natural polymers, such as cellulose, starch, chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, collagen, and gelatin, as viable alternatives to traditional plastics. These biopolymers, sourced from renewable resources, exhibit significant technological and biological properties suitable for food packaging applications. Certain difficulties have been noticed in the development of biopolymer-based packaging materials, such as brittleness, low barrier properties, and mechanical strength. Advancements in blending techniques, hydrophobic substance incorporation and nanotechnology are progressively overcoming these commonly observed challenges. The historical evolution of food packaging highlights a shift from natural materials to synthetic polymers, with a recent resurgence in biobased materials due to their environmental benefits. Biodegradable packaging materials now play a critical role in extending the shelf life and enhancing the quality of food products. Innovations in active and smart packaging, including antimicrobial and antioxidant agents and real-time quality indicators, are transforming the food industry. However, the widespread adoption of biopolymers faces challenges such as cost, scalability, and market acceptance. Addressing these hurdles through ongoing research, regulatory support, and innovative processing techniques is crucial. Developing economically viable methods for large-scale production and establishing composting systems for proper disposal are essential steps towards mainstream integration. In conclusion, biopolymer-based packaging materials represent a significant advancement towards sustainable development. Continued progress in this field promises to establish biopolymers as foundational elements in food packaging, driving a global transition towards more sustainable practices.

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